FREUD, Sigmund, (1856-1939), Austrian neurologist and founder of
psychoanalysis. Studied in Vienna under Ernst Brücke (1876-82), in Paris under Charcot
(1885-86); on staff of Vienna General Hospital (1882-85); professor of neuropathology
(1902-38), U. of Vienna; maintained private psychoanalytic practice; worked with Breuer on
the treatment of hysteria by hypnosis; developed (1892-95) method of treatment (which
served as basis of his psychoanalysis) in which he replaced hypnosis by free association
of ideas. Increasing recognition of the psychoanalytic movement made possible the
formation in 1910 of a worldwide organization called the International Psychoanalytic
Association. Freud was forced to leave Vienna by Nazi regime (1938), thereafter living in
London. Among his works are Studies on Hysteria (with Josef Breuer 1895), The
Interpretation of Dreams (1900). The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904) and Three
Contributions to the Sexual Theory (1905) Totem and Taboo (1913), Ego and the Id (1923),
New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1933), and Moses and Monotheism (1939).
Analysts and therapists